New Roots for Agricultural Technology Essay -- Agriculture Farm Farmin

New Roots for Agricultural Technology "There was once a town in the heart of America where all life seemed to live in harmony with its surroundings." So begins the excerpt in Pojman from Rachel Carson's Silent Spring. Carson asks us to envision the human ecological harmony that may be the ultimate fantasy of most environmentalists. This allows us to refresh our vision and strengthen our inspiration to fight for this ideal, as she then describes the possibilities of destruction which may await this community. Her imagery reminds us why our struggle for a better life is important, ethical and justified. The writers of the articles that follow dismiss this envisioning as "lyrical hysteria" (Ray and Guzzo) and try to persuade us that our well-reasoned goals are emotional, unfounded preferences. They distract us with the uncertainty of statistical studies, without taking a deep look at the roots of the misdirected technologies that are modern agriculture. Carson, on the other hand, like Japanese ex-microbiologist and farmer M asanobu Fukuoka, seeks more sophisticated analyses of the present need for technology like pesticides, and a truly better alternative. Fukuoka has well shown that natural farming is better than modern farming, not because it measures up in scientific tests of productivity (which it does), but because its basis is ethical, non-violent, and desirable for humans and our environment. Why are we faced with the painful tradeoffs between the harmful and useful effects of pesticides, rather than the question of why we depend on them so much in the first place? We need to question the culture that directs the science we use to develop our technology. Both Carson and Pimentel describe how scientific farming, that is... ...sion may be trying to prevent us from exploring the peoples' underlying motivation for action, as Fumento tries when he ridicules those "besiegers" who challenge modern science. In combating these simplified dialogues that silence innovation, I think our discussion of ethics is on the right track. We must approach the development and use of agricultural production technology with our well-reasoned decisions why working with nature is better than dominating it. There is more to ethical decisions than proving that Alar does not poison children. We must find a way to incorporate into the sciences that create our technologies the ethical intentions that drive parents to fight against agricultural chemicals. Work Cited: Boserup, Ester. 1966. The conditions of agricultural growth: economics of agrarian change under population pressure. Chicago, Aldine Pub. Co.

Curley’s Wife

How does Steinbeck present the character of Curlers wife in Of Mice and Men? Steinbeck's ‘Of Mice and Men' is a poignant tale which tells of a number of disconnected, isolated characters. Curlers wife epitomises the extreme loneliness of the human condition. Although she only makes a significant appearance three times in the novel, she plays an important part both in terms of plot development and in terms of furthering the readers' understanding of the theme of loneliness and alienation.Steinbeck uses a number of techniques to portray Curlers wife and the resulting character is fairly hard to pin down. Although Steinbeck uses a third person omniscient narrator, it is important to acknowledge that we learn of Curlers wife through a male perspective; the author/ narrator is male, as are all of the other ranch dwellers who comment on and Judge Curlers wife, potentially subtly prejudicing the reader. Curlers wife is known throughout the novel as ‘Curlers wife' and this has a number of effects. Firstly, her lack of personal identity dehumanises her.Every other character, including Crooks, has a name. Curlers wife is consistently identified as her husband's possession. This is a constant reminder as to the main reason that the anch workers cannot talk to her: they are anxious that Curley could take offence at any male engagement with his wife and that, because he is the boss's son, they could lose their Jobs as a result. The name she is referred to by the narrator and by the other characters in the novel could be seen as indication of women's inferior social status in 1930s America.Although in a letter to an actress playing Curlers wife in a stage version of ‘Of Mice and Men', Steinbeck insists he is sympathetic to the only female character, as readers, we have to work hard to feel sympathy towards her. Through the use of the other characters' opinions, the reader is given a biased view of Curlers wife before even meeting her. For example, Candy, wh o is portrayed as a trustworthy, likeable character, tells George that Curleys wife ‘gives Slim the eye', meaning that she flirts with him, and apparently all the other men on the ranch.He finishes his piece of gossip by concluding that she is ‘a tart'. This view is echoed by other men on the ranch later in the novel, and George also decides after their initial brief meeting that Curlers wife is indeed a tramp', ‘poison', Jailbait' and a ‘rat trap'. All of the men's insults suggest that Curleys wife is sexually available to anyone. There is a sense of hypocrisy here given that almost all of the men, including Curley, frequent Susy's place, the local brothel or ‘cathouse'.When Curlers wife first appears in the novel, supposedly looking for Curley (as she always is) in the bunkhouse, the description of her appearance may seem to support Candys opinion of her. Her heavy make-up (full, rouged lips'†¦ fingernails were red'), her overly coiffured hair-st yle which is mentioned every time she appears in the novel, and her choice of clothes and shoes ‘red mules, on the insteps of which were little bouquets of red ostrich feathers') is not only incongruous with the ranch lifestyle, but also could be seen as an attempt to appear seductive.Her body language – ‘leaned back against the door frame so that ner body was thrown torward ‘ – could ce rtainly suggest that sne is physically ottering herself to the men, and her manner of speaking – ‘playfully- could be interpreted as flirtatious. However, it is significant that when she is first introduced, she is referred to as a ‘girl' which suggests that she is young and naive. Indeed, it is implied in the ovel that she is very young. Whit refers to her as the new kid' (although subsequently calls her a ‘100100') and she herself retorts Whatta ya think I am, a kid?In addition, when she tells her story to Lennie, she refers to a recent inci dent which happened when she was fifteen. The other interesting aspect of her first appearance is that the men are alerted to her presence because the rectangle of sunshine in the doorway was cut off. Again, later on, in the barn, Steinbeck uses light in the description of Curleys wife's dead body. The contrast is that in the first scene she locks off natural light and in the final scene, the light was growing soft' casting an almost romantic atmosphere in the barn where Curlers wife lies, seemingly at rest.The second point here, is that Curleys wife is always appearing at doorways – of the bunkhouse or in Crooks' room, but never managing to enter. This may be a metaphor for the fact that she is always an outsider. The only time she enters a male space and seems to make contact is Just before her death. After our first meeting with Curleys wife, it would be easy to agree with the men's sexist view towards her. Steinbeck ontinues to make it difficult for the reader to sympathi se with her in her second scene when she appears at the doorway of Crooks' quarters.Her mannerism may be seen to be somewhat unpleasant and aggressive, ‘They left all the weak ones here'†¦ ‘An' what am I doin' here talking to a bunch of bindle stiffs – a nigger an' a dum-dum and a lousy 01†² sheep – an' likin' it because they ain't nobody else'. However, if we look at her actions, all the time, the only thing she is seeking is human contact. She is extremely lonely and isolated, as she tries to explain to the men: ‘Think I don't like to alk to somebody ever' once in a while? Think I like to stick in that house alla time?Several times she indicates that her marriage is not happy, that Curley is self- obsessed and that he is boastful and violent. Between the lines, Steinbeck is portraying a sad, isolated character who is doomed to be unsuccessful when she reaches out to other human beings because of her position on the ranch. In this scene, we also see what might be described as an extremely nasty side to Curlers wife. When the conversation does not go her way – Candy openly insults her she turns on Crooks, using her one element of power as a white woman over a black man: Well, you keep your place then, Nigger.I could get you strung up on a tree so easy it ain't even funny. Although this threat is abhorrent, perhaps it indicates the level of her frustration with her own position. She is at the bottom of the hierarchy of white people, and her only form of control could be to accuse Crooks of some sort of inappropriate behaviour that would lead to his being put to death. The final time we see Curleys wife is the only time she seems to open up and reveal her vulnerability nd her disappointment with the way her life has turned out. Ironically, even as she is confessing all, ‘l ain't told this to nobody before.Maybe I oughtn't to', her audience, Lennie, is not listening because he is caught up in his own fantasy world. Therefore, although this scene serves to show the poignancy of Curlers wife's character, it also underlines that at no time in the novel does she succeed in making any human contact. When we learn that ‘her words tumbled out in a passion of communication, as though sne hurried betore ner listener could be taken away, it is as though sne as had her story, her identity, bottled up inside her and she is desperate to share her hopes, dreams and disappointments with anyone who might listen.Her background reveals a sad and lonely childhood full of mistrust. We learn that she has a poor relationship with her mother and that she has enjoyed male attention which has probably been superficial and has led to her believing that she could have had a career in the movies'. Curleys wife's naivety is emphasised by the way that she behaves around Lennie. She flits between thinking he is ‘nuts' and encouraging physical contact. She believes that e is ‘Jus' like a big baby, an d although she is aware that he had crushed Curlers hand, shows no caution around him when she offers for him to stroke her hair.This may be because she is so over-excited by the fact that she believes that she has somebodys attention – possibly for the first time since arriving on the ranch – that she does not think beyond the moment. The reader knows that Curlers wife is doomed the minute she says that she likes to stroke her hair because it is soft. There is a poignant irony that it is her offer to Lennie that leads to her death. She is enjoying the attention and perhaps is also lightly motivated by a moment of kindness to let Lennie enjoy the feel of her hair.Ultimately, though, it is her concern with her appearance: You'll muss it up†¦. You stop it now, you'll mess it up' that makes Lennie inadvertently break her neck in a panicked effort to keep her quiet. The image Steinbeck uses to describe the moment of her death dehumanises Curlers wife: ‘her body flopped like a fish'. It is in the final description of her that it seems that we are offered a true account of Curleys wife's true essence: ‘And the meanness and the plannings and the discontent and the ache or attention were all gone from her face.She was very pretty and simple and her face was sweet and young. ‘ This short passage shows that underneath her hardened exterior she was in essence a decent person, which is what Steinbeck refers to in his letter to the actress. The ‘ache for attention' had had the opposite of its desired effect, in fact pushing people away rather than attracting them to her. Furthermore, her dream to be a movie star or iconic figure is echoed in the almost Sleeping Beauty-like description of her: ‘Now her rouged cheeks and reddened lips made her seem alive nd sleeping very lightly.The only time Curleys wife is described in a positive manner is in her death, and even this is quickly negated by Candy placing blame on her for ruini ng their dream: You God damn tramp†¦. Ever'body knowed you'd mess things up†¦ You lousy tart'. In conclusion, Steinbeck uses a number of techniques to create Curlers wife. Some readers may feel sympathy for her, others may share the ranch workers' view of her. For my part, I see her as the epitome of loneliness; her only defence against a sexist environment ironically leads to her further alienation.

Government Aids Business And A Market Economy Essay

There is nothing new in the way that government aids business and a market economy. Conservatives would have us believe that our nation began and prospered under a laissez-faire arrangement, until the twentieth century and the advent of the New Deal and big government as we know it. But in fact, there has never been a complete wall between the public and private sectors. Government has always been involved in the economy. Active government support for business and the encouragement of economic growth can be traced back to the very beginnings of our Republic. Consider, for example, section eight in our Constitution – the one that describes the powers given to the newly created Congress. What is striking about most of the powers listed in this section is how mundane they seem. 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Organization can do different analysis such as PESTLE, Porter five forces, Value chain; to know the market demand and essentially of the products. On the other hand, Organization should have their strategies and knowledge about the market. Strategic management is the process to get different terms of planning, monitoring, analysing and assessments which are necessary to operate an organization. In the other word, itRead MoreStudent Debt Crisis And Its Effects On The Economy1586 Words   |  7 Pagesstudents to help the economy grow.Our economy as we know it is a loop and decreasing the student debt significantly will help the economy grow.Instead of putting that money towards the government where it won t be used to help decrease the student d ebt as we can see by the total debt, it should go to the community, such as purchasing homes,cars,consumer goods,sales tax which will help improve the economy even more.Crippling student debt is stifling the growth of the U.S. economy because it inhibitsRead MoreMexican Economy Essay1609 Words   |  7 Pagesthe dollar before it stabilized. The devaluation not only sent shockwaves through the Mexican economy, but through the rest of the world. Why should the world now risk it’s money to save Mexico? Why not just let the Mexican economy and government collapse? 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Federal government has supported higher education by establishing the American Opportunity Tax Credit, expanding income-based repayment for student loans, and freezing the interest rateRead More Asian Essay946 Words   |  4 Pages Asian Financial Institutions and Markets The Asian financial markets can be compared to the economic philosophy of mercantilism, which is regulated commerce to produce a favorable balance of trade. Governments regulate production techniques to ensure the quality of exports, and in general, subsidize production in their exporting industries. Tariffs can be high on imported manufactured goods and low on imported raw materials. The state exercises much control over economic life in these environmentsRead MoreWhat are the main causes of high unemployment in Zimbabwe? How serious a problem is it? Will land resettlement and HIV-AIDS ease or worsen the situation? Give reasons.1516 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen the norm since 1995. Unemployment is currently soaring and the current rate stands at 70%. This has been from retrenchments, business closures e.t.c. According to EMCOZ survey, about 6000 jobs in the different sectors of the economy were lost by the end of 2001. The figure for 2002 was much higher as a result of the worsening b usiness environment as the government fails to create opportunities to stimulate industrial expansion. Causes of Unemployment Unemployment is Zimbabwe has been causedRead MoreWhy Should China Ease Foreign Investors1526 Words   |  7 Pagessuper economy was done by creating a market economy with socialist characteristics aimed at making profit and its maximization, the country has maintained state ownership of the means of production and remained a closed economy. In order to accept foreign investors to operate in China, the government imposes that they must hold majority ownership. Easing inbound investment into China’s economy would bring a multitude of benefits to China including the international recognition as an open market which

Slaughterhouse Five By Kurt Vonnegut - 1894 Words

Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut appears to be a novel, which not only focuses on World War II, but also on the two major atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and the firebombing of Dresden. The author Kurt Vonnegut treats the most horrific massacres in World War II with sarcastic humor while also clearly being antiwar sentiment. The firebombing of Dresden, a city in eastern Germany, on February 13, 1945, lead to the cause of 130,000 civilian’s death. This was also roughly the same number of deaths that occurred in the famous atomic bombing which was dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki that also occurred in 1945. The novel Slaughterhouse-Five is not just a book about the evil of the war but about what comes after war, but about what happens when a group of innocent people whom did not have direct influence on the war are one day killed in large numbers and their city destroyed because of the dropping of the firebomb or the atomic bomb. For one to truly understand Kurt Vonnegut’s novel, I believe it is cruel to know the history of the firebombing of Dresden. The firebombing of Dresden was a disruptive bombing lead by the American and British air bombers. It is said to be that Dresden is the capital city of the Free State of Saxony in Germany (Kirsch 4). The Free State of Saxony is landlocked federal states of Brandenburg, Saxony Anhalt, Thuringia, and Bavaria, as well as the countries of Poland and the Czech Republic (Kirsch 4). The firebombing of Dresden wasShow MoreRelatedSlaughterhouse Five by Kurt Vonnegut534 Words   |  2 PagesSome people may think the novel Slaughterhouse Five by Kurt Vonnegut is a failure. In fact, Kurt Vonnegut himself calls it a failure. A lot of people disagree with that, many think that Slaughterhouse Five is one of Vonneguts best novels. They say it is the most successful book they have ever read, just for reasons of the author himself. From him being bluntly honest, to his gr eat wit. 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Five 23) Billy has no control over where he will end up next. â€Å"He has seen his birth and death many times, and he pays random visits to all the events in between†, and â€Å"is in a constant state of fright, ... because he never knows which part of his life he is going to have to act out next.†(Vonnegut S. Five 23)Read MoreSlaughterhouse Five, By Kurt Vonnegut941 Words   |  4 Pageslargely fatal events, the survivors reflect upon the unbearable guilt and emotions they have experienced. Billy Pilgrim, the main protagonist In Kurt Vonnegut’s novel Slaughterhouse-Five, serves as Vonnegut’s vehicle to communicate his feelings and contemplations as a survivor. Throughout the story, Pilgrim, or the reader encounters an animal that Vonnegut uses to convey the range of emotions and incidents that humans are subject to as a result of war. 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Pain Perception Of Native Americans - 1035 Words

Pain Perception in Native Americans The psychological processes in the article include pain perception, and how we as humans perceive pain, how we react to it, and how we adapt to it. The article explains the pain signaling process and how pain can be amplified. For example, when we get pricked by a needle, a signal from our finger ascends through the spinal cord to reach parts of the brain. From there, we perceive pain, then we form a pain experience. Pain perception can be resulting from several factors such as the frequency of pain input, how sensitive the CNS is, How the body reacts after brain perceives and tries to send information to the injured area. A pain experience is when we have the urge to put a band aid on our injury, or be scared to get pricked from a needle again. However, each pain experience differs from one culture to the other, moreover, one person to the other. The article is conducting a research paper about pain and pain perception in different ethnic groups. The researchers focused on pain perception for Native Americans. The researchers in the article hypothesized that Native Americans are more sensitive to pain due to higher frequency of chronic pain. In the study, in order to conduct more accurate results, two ethnic groups were used. Native Americans, and non-Hispanic Whites. The ethnic groups are from the same country, however, they might have been raised within a separate subculture. The two ethnic groups were recruited through newspapers,Show MoreRelatedProfessional Communication : Cultural Sensitivity1210 Words   |  5 Pagesarticle, â€Å"Culturally competent nursing care for American Indian clients in a critical care setting† retrieved from Critical Care Nurse Journal (2005), which focuses on American Indian, Native American, and Alaska Native cultural group, the smallest racial minority groups in the United States, that consists original people indigenous for the North American continent and has been ignored by health care system. 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Policy Analysis

Question: Describe about the Policy Analysis. Answer: Introduction to the Policy The principal aim of developing this paper is selecting a particular policy at the national context of a country devised by the government in aid to promote the development throughout the nation. After that, achieving the significant objective of the document will be done, which is analysing the contents and strategies adopted for the policy to develop a proper sense regarding the key areas of the country covered by the identified approaches and the expected outcomes of such adoption (Acharya, 2012). This particular report critically selected the Thirteenth Plan of Nepal for the financial year 2013-14 to 2015-16. The planning and implementation of the identified policy is a vital responsibility for the National Planning Commission as part of the Government of Nepal. Presentation of the Sector of Development The primary reason for selecting the identified policy for conducting the evaluation is based on the dramatic political and institutional changes identified within the country for supporting Nepals precedence towards the sustainable peace and equitable development. The Comprehensive Peace Accord and the The Interim Constitution of Nepal (2007) are developed with some of the above guidelines to promote the life and wellbeing of the national population (Araral, 2013). By investigating the current situation, the government or the economic condition of the country is facing the significant amount of challenges for developing an environment for the population of Nepal, in which they can experience different kinds of economic and social transformation in accordance with the proposed guidelines (Bardach, 2012). Apart from that, some of the additional hurdles can also be observed related to the country, which is majorly based on eliminating the poverty and enhancing the standard of living fo r the Nepali people. The national bodies of the statehave also identified the factors for achieving the mentioned objectives by forming an environment welcoming the investment in the productive areas to generate the increasing employment opportunities and development priorities. From the context of Nepal, the preceding twelve periodic plans of the country undertook the proposed development on the continuing basis for setting the goals and priorities facilitating the overall national development. In thecase of the Thirteenth Plan (APTP) identified by the country for the period of 2013-14 to 2015-16, it is devised by developing the long-running effects of the visions supporting the millennium development of the overall nation (Blum Schubert, 2013). The originalview of the particular plan is upgrading the status from least-developed country to the developing economy within the next decade. In order to attain the identified vision of APTP, all the strategies, goals, and objectives are aligned and formulated accordingly to materialise the content. The subsequent portion of the paper will importantly evaluate and judge various areas of the certain policy from the context of the selection country to promote the enhancement of the necessary areas. Analysis of the Policy Relevancy of the Policy in achieving the Goals The relevancy of the identified policy named as APTP incorporates different suggestions from the representatives of the political parties, such as the government, non-government institutions, development partners, former vice-chairman, and various members of National Planning Commission, and various development partners (Cook Halsall, 2012). In thecase of planned development, the approaches all started in 1956, where the implementation of thefive-years plan and three-years plan can be observed within the country for nine and three times respectively. The last of those was the three-year plan ended in mid-July of 2013. It can be observed critically that the combined effects of these programs had contributed remarkably to the social and economic development of the country. However, the country still faces some significant challenges from the rise of poverty, social exclusion, and the economic disparity, which requires the national development of policy in the current context to addres s the issues adequately. The essential selection of APTP (FY 2013/14 to 2015/16) is developed to cover these problems significantly and some other relevant matter of concerns (Di Mauro Pesaran, 2013). As discussed earlier, Nepal is considered as a least developed nation, whereas the country can manage the achievement of the status of a developing country influenced by the increasing development efforts and the accelerated political commitment in the future context. There are three essential criteria should need to be maintained by the country in order to earn the status of a developing country, out of which, the country with its previous policies have been able to achieve one (Diaz Torres, 2012). Therefore, the country is required to maintain one more criteria for acquiring the status of a developing country. Therefore, the particular relevancy of the identified APTP can be observed in the development of the strategies, goals, objectives, priorities,and contents of the current pol icy oriented towards achieving the designated status for the country. Not only that, but also the strategies aim to promote multiple aspects of the country, such as the sustainable development, developing possible adaption to the different climate change issues, elimination of poverty by ensuring the environment-friendly economy, and enhancing the human rights (DiÃÅ' ez Franceschet, 2013). Therefore, the strategies and the other major concepts of the identified policies are developed to provide emphasis on the regional as well as the international commitments associated with the county, which are necessary for promoting the basic status of the overall economy. Relationship of the Policy to the Priorities of the Country The development of the APTP policy is done with ensuring the achievement of a long-term vision, which is based on facilitating the upgradation of Nepal from a least developed country to a developing county by the period of 2022. Therefore, it can be observed by determining the long-term vision behind the development of the policy that the specified development policy effectively recognizes the need of promoting the economic condition of the country for welcoming more foreign investment and improving the standard of the overall community (Dunn, 2012). By looking at the objective of APTP, the approaches are shaped up in fashion for reducing or eliminating the economic as well as human-related poverties throughout the nation to direct the favourable changes in the standard of livings of the common people. Therefore, the identified objective of the development plan is focused on bringing necessary enhancement in the daily behaviours and lifestyles of the overall residents within the country, which is highly essential for the company to promote its current position in the global economic environment (Hula, Reese, Jackson-Elmoore, 2012). An increasing lifestyle and standard of living of the country will efficiently proliferate the productivity to the less-developed areas of the country with the help of industrial revolution. The three-year plan as identified by the government bodies and authorities of Nepal is also developed with a certain goal, which is based on the decreasing the particular proportion of the poverty level to 18 percent. Considering the analysis, it can be observed that the fundamental goal of the current development policy is aimed to provide emphasis on the problems and challenges experiencing in the contemporary period by the country (Levrero, Palumbo, Stirati, 2013). These difficulties and limitations are adequately addressed by the policy to develop certain relationships with the identified priorities of the country. Apart from that, the following goals of the policyare also based on promoting the growth of economic, agricultural, non-agricultural, employment, life expectancy, population, and different other associated factors. The three-year development plan has developed and put forwarded some of themajor strategies in order to promote the growth of various factors (O'Donoghue, 2013). The strategiesare based on deciding the targets allocated for each development category within the FY 2015-16. Based on such information, it can be acknowledged that the identified development plan provides vital priority to the improvement of enrolment rates combined with the different primary levels of mentioned factors. Based on the projection, it is expected that current human development index for the country will rise to 0.583 alongside the basic growth in the per capita gross income by the end of the current APTP. With the help of the discussion, the basic understanding can be gained about the different priorities of Nepal, which are required for supporting the identified prospect of the country in its future period(Patton, Sawicki, Clark, 2013). On the other hand, different strategies are followed by APTP in order develop a suitable coordination to these individual priorities. These strategies are devised by the three-year plan during the beginning stage of developing the relationship with the priorities of the country and successfully able to promote the concerns for achieving the long-term vision related to the overall process. As part of the investigation, these strategies associated with the overall plan are recognized and should need to be elaborated in a specific manner. Firstly, the formulation of the strategy is done regarding the achievement of extended and sustainable economic growth by ensuring the increasing contributions from the manygovernments, private, and cooperative sectors within the development process(Pop, 2012). Secondly, the strategies are also developed for establishing and driving the appropriate physical infrastructure alongside the enhancement of quality and access to different kinds of social services. The identified strategy will help to formulate and maintain the relationship between the population with the differentother platforms of the world while significantly increasing their physical presence. Thirdly, the strategies are designed to shed light on the promotion of good governance practices within the critical areas like the public and private sectors(Scollon, 2008). Apart from that, the strategic involvement can also be observed in the process of empowering the target groups of the country socially and economically with the help of different development programs. The basic aim of the identified strategy is aimed to promote the wellbeing of the natural environment by allowing the increasing contribution of the population towards the di fferent climate change adaptions, as identified by the environment policies and guidelines. Furthermore, in order to implement the identified strategies discussed in the above paragraph, the APTP was required to identify clearly about the major priorities related to the current economic and social environment of the country(Shafir, 2013). According to the investigation, some of the basic priorities are clearly disclosed by the APTP for favoring the development the entire nation. Firstly, the three-year plan has been able to identify the need for maintaining different development in the energy industry like the hydropower segment. Secondly, the APTP recognizes the need for developing the agricultural sector within the country to increase the major productivity and provide auseful contribution to the country(Smith Larimer, 2013). In this case, the particular plan has identified the need of maximizing the productivity, commercialization, and diversification associated with the specific industry. Lastly, the strategies have recognized the necessity of developing the other majo rly contributory sectors of the country, like the education, healthcare, and sanitation sectors. Areas influenced by the Policy Based on the investigation to the economic growth rate related to the current context and the expected outcomes, the industries influenced by the policy and its involvement can be determined. By considering the increasing pace of the national development and the available resources within the country, it is estimated that the annual growth rate of the overall three-year plan is estimated to be at 6 percent (Somit Peterson, 2012). The majority of this identified growth is significantly contributed by the agricultural and non-agricultural industry. Such fact leads toward the particular understanding that both of the industries from the country have benefited highly from the introduction of the individual plan. The particular growth rate in the agricultural and non-agricultural in the present day context is known to be at 4.5 percent and 6.7 percent respectively. On the other hand, the result of such an increment in the particularly identified industry will make sure the increasing per capital income and employment opportunities within the country with around 4.6 percent and 3.2 percent respectively (Tatto Bruner, 2012). Therefore, the overall growth in the standard of living can be delivered by the impact of the technical improvement. Here, it is estimated that basic inflation rate for the countryis stable at 7 percent throughout the levied period of the three-year plan. According to the estimation during the strategic formulation related to the APTP, it is identified to increase theproportionof the standard of living of the countrys population to 18 percent with boosting the employment and eliminating the poverty from the targeted economy. Benefits from the Policy Implementation: Based on the initial discussion, it is quite clear that the agricultural industry is one of the major industry, in which the three-year plan provided the major focus. It is estimated to maintain a growth rate of 4.5 percent in the agricultural industry by the particular plan with increasing the productivity and production(Thissen Walker, 2013). By the help of the certain emphasis provided by the APTP, the proper benefit can be achieved by the agricultural sector of Nepal, where the growth in the segment ensures the attraction to the private investment. The particular plan provides emphasis on developing different cooperatives, commercialization, research and development, agro-credit, agro-roads, market mechanism, and electrification. On the other hand, the industrial sector is estimated to achieve a growth of 6.7 percent excluding the agricultural revolution for the country. With the help of institutional reforms and different types of enhancements initiated in the various industria l factors by the particular planning, the estimated growth in the industry sector is expected to achieve within the identified timeframe(Vaitsman, Ribeiro, Lobato, 2013). Additionally, it should need to mention that critical reforms in the relevant policies and procedures like the involvement of a new Industrial Enterprises Act are shaped up in the appropriate manner to alter the industrial climate in the positive direction. Therefore, the commercial environment has gained animmense benefit out of the strategic implementation of the identified three-year plan. Therefore, it can be observed that the commercial and industrial sectors of the country are benefitted from the application of the policy, as the specific segments are expected to be developed and expanded through the implementation. Such development and expansion isfacilitated by the improvement of medium and cottage industries alongside providing the special focus to the minerals industry and maintaining the industrial peace at the efficient manner(Shafir, 2013). Considering the particular benefits given to the specified industries, it is determined that the major advantage is delivered to the overall environment of the country, which can become conducive to the full utilization of existing and potential industries formed within the country. Factors Suffered from Policy Implementation: The policyis developed with four different stages based on contents, strategies, output or implementation, and outcome or result. Implementation of the policy is one of the most challenging tasks for any national bodies from their respective country, where the process demands turning the policy into the active practice. However, there is a significant gap exists between the actual results of the implementation and the expected outcomes during the planning process. According to Buse et al. (2005), there iswide range of theoretical models available in this particular context devised by different scholars in order to identify and address these gaps (Pop, 2012). In order to determine the factors or individuals suffered from the implementation of the policy, atop-down approach is selected mostly. The importance of this particular policyis based on shaping up the approaches related to the policy formation and policy execution with including the unique set of activities. In the case of the three-year policy designed and adopted for Nepal, it can be stated that the guidelines are strictly levied initially in the political process. Subsequently, these policies are communicated to the subordinate levels with identifying and adopting different kinds of managerial, technical, and administrative approaches into the overall practice. Based on the different suggestions from the political scientists and their particular theories, the approaches of the top-down model requires some of specific criteria in the proper place for implementing the policies (Levrero, Palumbo, Stirati, 2013). These criteria involves the associated objectives to be clear and consistent in terms of their basic logics, and should need to be comprised of the adequate casual theories. It is based on the developing and arranging the activities and proposed functions are supporting the achievement of the desired outcomes. Additionally, the overall implementation process should need to be structured in the pr oper manner to provide the compliance guidelines to the implementers or the government bodies of the country. In thecase of the problems identified from the context of Nepal, it is very unlikely that the mentioned criteria are included in the formation of the particular policy. On the other hand, some critical areas of the policy only provide preferences to the higher level of government officials or bodies while neglecting the role of other actors in the industrial level as well as the individual context. Considering the particular understanding, it is observed that the impact of the government action in the economy of Nepal would be risk over-estimating as some critical factors might be overlooked by the policy. Lastly, every policy tends to be altered after their implementation,and it is often difficult to apply and control the direction of the policy without the proper support obtained from the single or dominant agency. Issues and Challenges expected to be faced during the Policy Implementation In order to develop the report, the analysis of the particular policies under the three-year plan for Nepal, the primary examination is done on the different alternatives of the policy and judging the soundness a clarity of the outcomes (Hula, Reese, Jackson-Elmoore, 2012). Secondly, the political choices among the different alternatives are needed to be decided, as it is essential to ensure the policy is gone through the political process,such as the political guidelines and regulations. Considering this particular analysis, the major challenge observed in the policy and its implementation is the attaining the targeted growth within the identified timeframe. One of the basic reason for creating such a challenge is the institutional rigidity involved in the particular country, where the rigidity is largely formed for the basic cultural values of Nepal.Additionally, the internal conflicts are responsible for hampering the cooperative action developed by the political associations in the modern administrative framework. Conclusion After analysing the particularly selected policy from the context of Nepal, it can be critically articulated that developing and implementing the public policy experiences various problems. Censoriously observed that these challenges could be from the perspective of values, politics, different expectation of the members, and institutional involvements. Therefore, it is expected to develop the knowledge of the policy-makers by sophistically examining the past and present impact of the policies. References Acharya, S. (2012).Pro-poor growth and liberalization in developing economies. London: Routledge. Araral, E. (2013).Routledge handbook of public policy. London: Routledge. Bardach, E. (2012).A practical guide for policy analysis. Los Angeles: Sage. Blum, S. Schubert, K. (2013).Policy analysis in Germany. Bristol: Policy Press. Cook, I. Halsall, J. (2012).Aging in comparative perspective. New York: Springer. Di Mauro, F. Pesaran, M. (2013).The GVAR handbook. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Diaz, D. Torres, R. (2012).Latino urbanism. New York: New York University Press. DiÃÅ' ez, J. Franceschet, S.(2013). Comparative public policy in Latin America. Dunn, W. (2012).Public policy analysis. Boston: Pearson. Hula, R., Reese, L., Jackson-Elmoore, C. (2012).Reclaiming Brownfields. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing Ltd. Levrero, E., Palumbo, A., Stirati, A. (2013).Sraffa and the Reconstruction of Economic Theory: Volume Two. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. O'Donoghue, C. (2013).Spatial microsimulation for rural policy analysis. Heidelberg: Springer. Patton, C., Sawicki, D., Clark, J. (2013).Basic methods of policy analysis and planning. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson. Pop, D. (2012).Education policy and equal education opportunities. New York: Open Society Foundations. Scollon, R. (2008).Analyzing public discourse. London: Routledge. Shafir, E. (2013).The behavioral foundations of public policy. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Smith, K. Larimer, C. (2013).The public policy theory primer. Somit, A. Peterson, S. (2012).Biopolicy. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald. Tatto, M. Bruner, J. (2012).Learning and doing policy analysis in education. Rotterdam: SensePublishers. Thissen, W. Walker, W. (2013).Public policy analysis. New York: Springer. Vaitsman, J., Ribeiro, J., Lobato, L. (2013).Policy analysis in Brazil. Bristol: Policy Press.

Risk Management Analytic Hierarchy Process

Question: Discuss about the term for Risk Management for Analytic Hierarchy Process. Answer: Introduction The research study focuses on the effect of the various impact of implementing the risk management strategy in the residential construction project. The project also focuses on the identification of the risks that an offsite industry could face. In the residential construction project, risk management acts as the systematic and comprehensive way of determining, analyzing and implicating appropriate action plans for the effective use of the resources and improvement of the residential construction project management. The uncertainty and risk could act as the factors that could potentially have a damaging consequences related to the residential construction project. Thus, the risk analysis and management could be acting as the major feature of the project management related to the construction process. Risk management can be referred to an attempt to deal with the unexpected and uncertainty events in an effective way such that to achieve the success of a project (Walker 2015). The residential construction project is unique which raises a number of different sources of risks related to the project which are dynamic and complex and involves the multiple feedback processes. The residential construction project involves a lot of participants including the individuals and organizations which actively participate in the project (Kerzner 2013). The interest of the participants can be negative or positively affected on the basis of the project experiences that are having different expectations and interests. Aim of the research The aim of the research project is to evaluate the importance of integrating the risk management within the residential construction project. The research study also helps in identifying the risks and factors that could involve in the offsite construction. Scope The risk management helps the project team members including the clients, suppliers, consultant, contractor or developer and enables them in minimizing the negative impact on the residential construction project in India. The uncertainty and risk could act as the factors that could potentially have a damaging consequences related to the residential construction project. Thus, the risk analysis and management could be acting as the major feature of the project management related to the construction process in India. Purpose The purpose of the research is to analyze the impact of implementing the risk management strategy in the residential construction project in India. The project also focuses on the identification of the risks that an offsite industry could face. Method The research approach could be primarily depending on the research variables related to the research topic (Billig and Waterman 2014). The most valuable approaches would be the deductive research approach and inductive research approach. It should be noted that the deductive research approach is dependent on the theories and models. Thus, the research is required to illustrate in the different theorizes, models and concepts that are available as the form of the secondary source. After the collection of the information, the researcher needs to co-relate that data with the theories and initial conceits in order to sustain the relevancy. In this way, the researcher would be able to gather the most accurate information and execute the research outcome in an appropriate way. Figure 1: Research approach for the Costruction Project Source: Created by author Objectives The main objectives of the research proposal are: To understand the importance of the risk management in the residential construction project in India To identify the risk variables that are involved with the residential construction project To evaluate the risks being identified in the research To analyze the impact of the risk management in the residential construction projects To analyze the risks involved with the offsite manufacturing relating to the residential construction project in India Research questions What are the risks present in the residential construction project in India? What are the risks present in the offsite residential construction project? Do the risks involved with the residential construction project have an impact on the implementation of the same? How the better understanding of the risks can helps in the proper conduction of the residential construction project? Hypothesis Hypothesis: Risk management adds value to the residential construction project Null hypothesis: Risk management does not add value to the residential construction project Justification The researcher should be implementing the Deductive research approach which could enable him to reduce down the resource consumption. The implementation of the inductive research approach could be costing the researcher with more investment in time and budget in the conduction of the research process as the approach requires the inclusion of the new models and theories (Mackey and Gass 2015). Thus, in order to reduce the amount of money and time involved with the research process, the researcher needs to implement the deductive research approach which could also help him to acquire useful information and framework that are available in the online journals, libraries and books. Review of literature Risk management and analysis can be considered as a maker feature of the project management related to the residential construction project. According to Walker (2015), the risk management can be referred to an attempt to deal with the unexpected and uncertainty eats in an effective way such that to achieve the success of a project. The residential construction project are unique which raises a number of different sources of risks related to the project which are dynamic and complex and involves the multiple feedback processes. The residential construction project involves a lot of participants including the individuals and organizations which actively participate in the project. The interest of the participants can be negative or positively affected on the basis of the project experiences that are having different expectations and interests. According to Taylan et al (2014), these differences in the experiences and interests among the participants creates confusion and problems for even the most experienced managers in contract related to the residential construction project. The cost of the risks can be considered as a concept related to construction companies which is one of the largest expense items and should be considered while implementing the project (Aminbakhsh, Gunduz and Sonmez 2013). The risk management would help the primary participants including the contractors, clients, consultants, developers and suppliers for meeting their commitments and enabling in the management of resources by minimizi ng the negative impacts related to the residential construction project performance in respective of the time, cost and quality objectives. According to Kelly, Male and Graham (2014), the current economic challenges and downtown related to the construction sector is highly competitive as it requires the contractors to manage the risks on their own. Offsite construction industry The offsite construction techniques use the state of the art manufacturing techniques for building automatic factories. According to Aminbakhsh, Gunduz and Sonmez (2013), the benefits of the offsite construction influence the quality assurance, predictability, faster constructive time, less noise, less fees, and lower accident rates together with improve health and safety of the employees and the individuals. Besides, the construction reduces the quality of the waste generated on site by eliminating the waste materials and insulating the complete elimination of the waste being produced in the process (Vernikos et al 2013). Risks occurring in the Residential Construction Project In India, the construction industry has been labor intensive as the labor is easily available and cheap. The manpower involved with the construction industry consist of the managerial level, supervisory level and the artisan level. The construction industry is very complex and heterogeneous the residential construction project can be comprised of several classifications that differ from one another including the housing, non residential building, utilities, highway and industrial. According to Hwang and Ng (2013), the residential construction projects includes the renovation, new construction and demolition for both non residential and residential projects including the Public Work projects, roads, highways, street, plants, bridges, overpasses and tunnels. Successful construction project can be referred to as the project which could be completed within the specified, time, budget and with the requested performance. The risk factor for the achievement of the residential construction p rojects includes the size of the project as the uncertainty in the project is directly proportional with the size of the same. According to Sears et al (2015), the larger residential construction project, the more exposed will be its uncertainty because of the factors including the design, planning, construction, complexity, presence of various interest groups and resources including the economic, political, environmental factors and statutory regulations. Project risk management Residential construction projects are unpredictable such that the management of the risks involved in this process can be recognized as a very important process for achieving the objectives of the project in terms of costs, quality, time, environment, sustainability and safety. According to Fewings (2013), the project management can be referred to as the iterative process which benefits an organization when implemented in a systematic way throughout the life cycle of the residential construction project including the planning stage till the completion of the project. The risk management and analysis techniques can be implemented by the key steps including the risk identification, assessment, and mitigation and monitoring. According to Goulding et al (2012), the risks can be classified on the basis of nature into 2 categories including external and internal risks (Hwang and Ng 2013). The classification of risks to the projects which can be local or International. The international pro jects are subjected to external risks including the on awareness for social condition, social, political, economic, governing authority, and regulatory framework. According to Sha'ar et al (2016), the various risk management tools are available for mitigating the risk factors associated with the construction organization Industries projects. However, according to Mohd Nawi et al (2016), the organizations today in the residential construction project are unable to exploit on the risk management strategies owing to the lack of knowledge of selecting the appropriate and suitable risk management strategies for the residential construction projects. Risks Causes Costs Inefficient estimation of the ability to control the construction project Time Inappropriate estimation of project schedule Environment Negligence in the incorporation of the CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) Safety Slackness in the consideration of the health and safety hazards related to the workers in the construction site Table 1: Risk table for the Constuction project Source: Created by author Problems in risk handling The construction industry faces some serious challenges and problems. In developing countries like India, the problems in handling the risk involved with the construction project includes the chronic resource shortages, socio-economic stress, genral inability and institutional weaknesses as well. According to Laskar and Murty (2016), the main challenge of the Indian Construction industry is that it has a poor record on innovation as compared to the other manufacturing industries including the electronics and aerospace. Research Methodology Research process The research process needs to identify the several techniques and tools for conducting the research which requires being highly accurate for the conduction of the research process. For conducting the research process, the researcher needs to select the positivism research approach, descriptive research approach and deductive research approach (Roberts 2013). The research also needs to select the primary and secondary research approach for the allocation of the information. The two methods related to the primary data methods includes the qualitative data collection technique and the quantitative data collection technique. The incorporation of the various tools and techniques would enable the researcher to provide justification for the selection of the required process. The research tool is required to support the conduction of the most accurate response as achieved from the respondents (Pierre 2012). The accuracy of data as relevant to the research questionnaires being set in the research process can be described by the following table: Question types Definition Relevant Questions Multiple choice Questions allowing single choices QIII Descriptive Open questions QI, QII, QIV Quantitative Responses that could be measured such as the types of risks involved with the construction QI, QII, QIV Qualitative Responses could not be measured QIII Dependent Questions are influenced by other variables QII, QIV Independent Questions are not influenced by any variables QI, QIII Table 2: Categorization of data collection process Source: Created by author Research philosophy The research philosophy helps in defining the procedure with which the researcher needs to conduct the research. The procedure should be helping the researcher in allocating and gathering the information that is relevant to the research topic. The researcher also needs to undertake the authentic and valid data collection in the research philosophy. According to Robson and McCartan (2016), research philosophy can be comprised of three different types of research philosophy including the realism philosophy, Interpretivism philosophy, and the positivism philosophy related to the research process. The Interpretivism philosophy would be helping the researcher in identifying the data that are required to be constricted socially on the basic of the reality. The socially constructed information should be taking the construction of a lot of the respondents which could not be possible provided the budget in the research process. Realism philosophy can be comprised of tow facts including the realty based and social based facts. Thus, the Realism philosophy can be considered as the mixed variety of the research philosophies which could be helpful in conducting the research process (Ward and Bailey 2013). In the form of the philosophy, the information should be castrated and gathered from the secondary sources and the society respectively. This should be resulting in increasing the costs for conducting the research and as a result most of the researchers do not implement the philosophy. The positivism research philosophy should be oriented on the knowledge gathering which should be indicating that the information should be connecting in an effective way that must be existing and should be real (Mackey and Gass 2015). The data should be collected in a trustworthy and detailed procedure that should be influencing the research outcome. This also includes the data collected will be unbiased in nature and would be having practical relevance. Research approach The appropriate research approach would be helping the researcher to acquire useful information and knowledge for executing the research and gathering most authentic information. The research approach could be mainly depending on the research variables related to the research topic (Billig and Waterman 2014). The most useful approaches would be the deductive research approach and inductive research approach. It should be noted that the deductive research approach is dependent on the theories and models. Thus, the research is required to illustrate in the different theorizes, models and concepts that are available as the form of the secondary source (Groenewold and Lessard-Phillips 2012). After the collection of the information, the researcher needs to co-relate that data with the theories and initial conceits in order to sustain the relevancy. In this way, the researcher would be able to gather the most accurate information and execute the research outcome in an appropriate way. Pick ard (2012) also points out that the implementation of the inductive research approach, the researcher would be able to develop the new concepts of theories and models related to the risks management in the construction industry that would be helpful for meeting with the outcome of the research study. Justification The researcher should be implementing the Positivism research approach. The approach would be helping the researcher to acquire useful information from the sources based on the reality and authenticity. The researcher needs to acquire the most accurate information which should be useful for the research study. The Positivism research approach would help the researcher to gain the most accurate data. Moreover, as the amount of the time and budget is limited, the researcher is required to collect relevant data within the short rime. In this way, the researcher would be gathering the useful and relevant information while conducting the research which/needs to be biased and unbiased on realty. The deductive research approach would be helping the researcher to conduct the research study within the stipulated timeline. For successful intervention of the research topic, the researcher needs to implement the deductive approach for the conduction of the research. In addition, the implementation of the quantitative analysis would help the researcher to emphasize on the views of the respondents which could be gathered during the data collection process. On the other hand, the qualitative analysis would be helping in acquiring relavant information related to the operations and the risks involved with the building construction process. Research purpose The researcher should be implementing the Descriptive research purpose which covers a vast area of risk management and mitigation actions considering the construction business influencing the process. Thus, the researcher is required to implement several theories models and concepts with practical scenarios of a construction business (Green, Camilli and Elmore 2012). The research topic would be helping the researcher to frame questions, objectives and theories related to the research topic. With the help of descriptive research process, the researcher could be able to describe and express the aspects of the various risk management strategies that could be implied during the construction process. Research Techniques Methods Reasons Research process Deductive research approach For successful intervention of the research topic Descriptive research process To describe and express the aspects of the various risk management strategies Research philosophy Positivism research philosophy To ensure that the data collection process is unbiased and has practical relevamce Data Analysis Quantitative analysis To emphasize on the views of the respondents to be gathered during the data collection process Qualitative analysis To acquire relavant information related to the operations and the risks involved with the building construction process Table 3: Research methods to be implemented in the risk management research study related to the construction project Source: Created by author Conclusion An efficient risk management strategy would help the construction companies to encourage the identification and quantification of the risks and to consider the risk reduction policies in order to reduce the risks related to the residential construction project. The construction companies needs to manage the risks effectively in order to enjoy greater productivity, financial savings, improved success rates and better decision making. The risk management related to the construction is systematic and comprehensive way of identifying, responding and analyzing the risk associated with the residential construction project. The construction companies significantly differ from each other depending on the option of the risk management practices. In order to manage the risks effectively, the company should be able to understand the risk responsibility, risk management capabilities and conditions as well. In the residential construction project, risk management acts as the systematic and comprehensive way of determining, analyzing and implicating appropriate action plans for the effective use of the resources and improvement of the residential construction project management. The uncertainty and risk could act as the factors that could potentially have a damaging consequences related to the residential construction project. The lack of experience in construction companies makes it very difficult to change the attitude towards the risk management. The construction companies thus, need to include the risk to be the integral part of the residential construction project management. The use of the risk management in the Indian construction company is low with a little difference between the sizes, types and risk tolerance of the organization. The risks can be mitigated by improving the combination of the quantitative as well as a qualitative methodology to analyzing the risks related to re sidential construction project to ensure the risk tolerance related to the construction company. Ethical consideration In order to conduct the research process in a successful manner, the researcher requires following the ethical consideration. The researcher must take permission from the respondents for taking responses during the execution of the data collection process. The researcher must not force or hurt the respondents for giving responses. According to Hantrais and Mangen (2013), the respondents should be allowed to quit after the registration process is over. Moreover, the respondents are required provided with the willingness in the participation process.. Pickard (2012), believes that the ethical consideration in the research process would be signifying the result of the research process could be utilized in the commercial purpose. The main reason of the ethical consideration is that both the quantitative research method and the qualitative research method is perceptive to the organization. Moreover, Gioia and Hamilton (2013), also pointed out that the researcher should not influence or ac t in the way where the respondents would be providing personal viewpoint which could lead to biased information if the there are influenced. In the research process, the researcher follows each of the ethical consideration as mentioned above in order to prove that the research has been conducted in the most ethical manner. While conducting the research survey, the professional code of conduct should be implemented while conducting the research process. Integrity: In the research process, the integrity of the information related to the respondents needs to be maintained. Moreover, the information being acquired in the data collection process needs to be destroyed after meeting with all the objectives of the research process. Privacy: The researcher also needs to conduct the research process such that the privacy of the confidential information as acquired from the respondents needs to be kept secured and should be prevented from exposing to the outside environment. Confidentiality: The confidential information from the respondents needs to be kept secret from the outside environment in order to prevent the information from any misuse. References Aminbakhsh, S., Gunduz, M. and Sonmez, R., 2013. Safety risk assessment using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) during planning and budgeting of construction projects. Journal of safety research, 46, pp.99-105. Billig, S.H. and Waterman, A.S. eds., 2014.Studying service-learning: Innovations in education research methodology. Routledge. Fewings, P., 2013. construction project management: An integrated approach. Routledge. Gioia, D.A., Corley, K.G. and Hamilton, A.L., 2013. 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